本文最后更新于 2024-10-17,文章内容可能已经过时。

React 高级阶段学习计划

目标

  • 深入理解React的渲染机制和性能优化。
  • 学会代码分割和懒加载。
  • 掌握单元测试和集成测试。
  • 学习TypeScript与React的结合。

学习内容

性能优化

React.memo

  • React.memo:用于优化函数组件的性能,避免不必要的重新渲染。
  • 示例
    import React, { useState, useMemo } from 'react';
    
    const ExpensiveComponent = React.memo(({ value }) => {
      console.log('ExpensiveComponent rendered');
      // 模拟昂贵的计算
      for (let i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {}
      return <div>{value}</div>;
    });
    
    function App() {
      const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
      const [text, setText] = useState('');
    
      const memoizedValue = useMemo(() => {
        console.log('Computing memoized value');
        return count * 2;
      }, [count]);
    
      return (
        <div>
          <h1>Performance Optimization</h1>
          <p>Count: {count}</p>
          <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>Increment Count</button>
          <input
            type="text"
            value={text}
            onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)}
            placeholder="Type something"
          />
          <ExpensiveComponent value={memoizedValue} />
        </div>
      );
    }
    
    export default App;
    
    

useCallback和useMemo

  • useCallback:用于缓存函数,避免不必要的重新创建。
  • useMemo:用于缓存计算结果,避免不必要的计算。
  • 示例
    import React, { useState, useCallback, useMemo } from 'react';
    
    function App() {
      const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
      const [text, setText] = useState('');
    
      const expensiveComputation = (num) => {
        console.log('Computing...');
        // 模拟昂贵的计算
        for (let i = 0; i < 1000000000; i++) {}
        return num * 2;
      };
    
      const memoizedValue = useMemo(() => {
        return expensiveComputation(count);
      }, [count]);
    
      const memoizedCallback = useCallback(() => {
        console.log('Callback called');
        setCount(count + 1);
      }, [count]);
    
      return (
        <div>
          <h1>Performance Optimization</h1>
          <p>Count: {count}</p>
          <button onClick={memoizedCallback}>Increment Count</button>
          <input
            type="text"
            value={text}
            onChange={(e) => setText(e.target.value)}
            placeholder="Type something"
          />
          <p>Memoized Value: {memoizedValue}</p>
        </div>
      );
    }
    
    export default App;
    

代码分割与懒加载

React.lazy和Suspense

  • React.lazy:用于动态导入组件,实现代码分割。
  • Suspense:用于在组件加载时显示加载指示器。
  • 示例
    import React, { Suspense, lazy } from 'react';
    import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch, Link } from 'react-router-dom';
    
    const Home = lazy(() => import('./Home'));
    const About = lazy(() => import('./About'));
    const Contact = lazy(() => import('./Contact'));
    
    function App() {
      return (
        <Router>
          <div>
            <nav>
              <ul>
                <li><Link to="/">Home</Link></li>
                <li><Link to="/about">About</Link></li>
                <li><Link to="/contact">Contact</Link></li>
              </ul>
            </nav>
    
            <Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
              <Switch>
                <Route path="/" exact component={Home} />
                <Route path="/about" component={About} />
                <Route path="/contact" component={Contact} />
              </Switch>
            </Suspense>
          </div>
        </Router>
      );
    }
    
    export default App;
    

测试

单元测试和集成测试

  • Jest:一个JavaScript测试框架。

  • Testing Library:一组用于测试UI组件的库。

  • 安装

    npm install --save-dev jest @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom
    
  • 示例

    // Button.js
    import React from 'react';
    
    function Button({ onClick, label }) {
      return <button onClick={onClick}>{label}</button>;
    }
    
    export default Button;
    
    // Button.test.js
    import React from 'react';
    import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react';
    import '@testing-library/jest-dom/extend-expect';
    import Button from './Button';
    
    test('renders button with correct label', () => {
      render(<Button label="Click Me" />);
      const buttonElement = screen.getByText('Click Me');
      expect(buttonElement).toBeInTheDocument();
    });
    
    test('calls onClick handler when clicked', () => {
      const handleClick = jest.fn();
      render(<Button label="Click Me" onClick={handleClick} />);
      const buttonElement = screen.getByText('Click Me');
      fireEvent.click(buttonElement);
      expect(handleClick).toHaveBeenCalled();
    });
    

TypeScript

TypeScript基础

  • TypeScript:一种静态类型的编程语言,可以提高代码的可读性和可维护性。
  • 安装
    npm install --save typescript @types/react @types/react-dom
    
  • 配置
    • 在项目根目录下创建 tsconfig.json 文件:
      {
        "compilerOptions": {
          "target": "es5",
          "lib": ["dom", "dom.iterable", "esnext"],
          "allowJs": true,
          "skipLibCheck": true,
          "esModuleInterop": true,
          "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,
          "strict": true,
          "forceConsistentCasingInFileNames": true,
          "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,
          "module": "esnext",
          "moduleResolution": "node",
          "resolveJsonModule": true,
          "isolatedModules": true,
          "noEmit": true,
          "jsx": "react-jsx"
        },
        "include": ["src"]
      }
      

TypeScript与React结合

  • 函数组件

    import React from 'react';
    
    interface ButtonProps {
      label: string;
      onClick: () => void;
    }
    
    const Button: React.FC<ButtonProps> = ({ label, onClick }) => {
      return <button onClick={onClick}>{label}</button>;
    };
    
    export default Button;
    
  • 类组件

    import React, { Component } from 'react';
    
    interface CounterState {
      count: number;
    }
    
    class Counter extends Component<{}, CounterState> {
      state: CounterState = { count: 0 };
    
      increment = () => {
        this.setState({ count: this.state.count + 1 });
      };
    
      render() {
        return (
          <div>
            <p>Count: {this.state.count}</p>
            <button onClick={this.increment}>Increment</button>
          </div>
        );
      }
    }
    
    export default Counter;
    

实践项目

个人博客

  1. 创建项目
    npx create-react-app personal-blog-ts --template typescript
    cd personal-blog-ts
    npm start
    
  2. 创建组件
    • Header.tsx:头部组件
      import React from 'react';
      
      const Header: React.FC = () => {
        return <header><h1>My Personal Blog</h1></header>;
      };
      
      export default Header;
      
    • PostList.tsx:文章列表组件
      import React from 'react';
      
      interface Post {
        id: number;
        title: string;
        content: string;
      }
      
      const posts: Post[] = [
        { id: 1, title: 'First Post', content: 'This is the first post.' },
        { id: 2, title: 'Second Post', content: 'This is the second post.' },
      ];
      
      const PostList: React.FC = () => {
        return (
          <div>
            {posts.map(post => (
              <div key={post.id}>
                <h2>{post.title}</h2>
                <p>{post.content}</p>
              </div>
            ))}
          </div>
        );
      };
      
      export default PostList;
      
    • App.tsx:主组件
      import React from 'react';
      import Header from './Header';
      import PostList from './PostList';
      
      const App: React.FC = () => {
        return (
          <div className="App">
            <Header />
            <PostList />
          </div>
        );
      };
      
      export default App;
      

电子商务网站

  1. 创建项目
    npx create-react-app ecommerce-ts --template typescript
    cd ecommerce-ts
    npm start
    
  2. 安装axios
    npm install axios
    
  3. 创建组件
    • ProductList.tsx:显示产品列表
      import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';
      import axios from 'axios';
      
      interface Product {
        id: number;
        title: string;
        price: number;
        image: string;
      }
      
      const ProductList: React.FC = () => {
        const [products, setProducts] = useState<Product[]>([]);
      
        useEffect(() => {
          axios.get<Product[]>('https://fakestoreapi.com/products')
            .then(response => {
              setProducts(response.data);
            })
            .catch(error => {
              console.error('Error fetching products:', error);
            });
        }, []);
      
        return (
          <div className="product-list">
            {products.map(product => (
              <div key={product.id} className="product">
                <img src={product.image} alt={product.title} />
                <h3>{product.title}</h3>
                <p>${product.price}</p>
              </div>
            ))}
          </div>
        );
      };
      
      export default ProductList;
      
    • App.tsx:主组件
      import React from 'react';
      import ProductList from './ProductList';
      
      const App: React.FC = () => {
        return (
          <div className="App">
            <h1>E-commerce Website</h1>
            <ProductList />
          </div>
        );
      };
      
      export default App;
      

建议

  • 定期回顾:每周花时间回顾本周所学内容,确保知识点牢固掌握。
  • 参与社区:加入React相关的论坛、Slack群组或Discord服务器,与其他开发者交流心得。
  • 阅读源码:尝试阅读一些复杂的React库的源码,提高代码理解和分析能力。

希望这个学习计划能够帮助你系统地学习React高级技能,并通过实践项目巩固所学知识。祝你学习顺利!


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